Exploring the phytochemistry and pharmacology of Mangifera indica L. (Mango) leaves: A review
Abstract views: 1821 / PDF downloads: 803
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29228/ijpbp.38Keywords:
Mangifera indica, Phytochemistry, Pharmacological activities, Anticancer, AntidiabeticAbstract
Mangifera indica L. (Mango), a member of the Anacardiaceae family, is native to the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Leaves of M. indica exhibit pharmacological potential as a panacea. The current study aimed to systematically review the phytochemistry and biological effects of M. indica leaves (MILs). Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were used to review the relevant literature. MILs are reported to possess remarkable medicinal properties owing to a plethora of phytochemicals, namely, minerals, vitamins, flavonoids, phenolic acids, terpenes, benzophenones, tannins, saponins, and alkaloids. MILs have been investigated for numerous therapeutic effects, including anticancer, anti-diabetic, antioxidant, antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, antidiarrheal, antiulcer, gastrointestinal, anti-obesity, cardio-protection, hypotensive, analgesic, and hepato-protection. In this review, phytochemistry, pharmacology as well as toxicology of MILs have been critically discussed. Considering their phytochemical profile and pharmacological benefits, MILs can be used for the development of valuable pharmaceutical products. However, more comprehensive clinical trials are needed to be conducted for further evaluation of its effectiveness.
References
Aderibigbe, A., Emudianughe, T., & Lawal, B. (1999). Antihyperglycaemic effect of Mangifera indica in rat. Phytotherapy Research: An International Journal Devoted to Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Natural Product Derivatives, 13(6), 504-507.
Akhtar, K. P., & Arshad, H. M. I. (2013). Identification of phenolics in mango leaves extract and their allelopathic effect on canary grass and wheat. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 45(5), 1527-1535.
Ali, B. A., Alfa, A. A., Tijani, K. B., Idris, E. T., Unoyiza, U. S., & Junaidu, Y. (2020). Nutritional health benefits and bioactive compounds of Mangifera indica L (mango) leaves methanolic extracts. Asian Plant Research Journal, 6(2), 41-51.
Anoop, N. V., Jacob, R., Paulson, J. M., Dineshkumar, B., & Narayana, C. R. (2018). Mango leaf extract synthesized silver nanorods exert anticancer activity on breast cancer and colorectal carcinoma cells. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, 44, 8-12.
Arozal, W., Suyatna, F. D., Juniantito, V., Rosdiana, D. S., Amurugam, S., Aulia, R., Monayo, E., & Siswandi, R. (2014). The effects of mangiferin (Mangifera indica L) in doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in rats. Drug Research, 65(11), 574-580.
Bbosa, G., Kyegombe, D., Ogwal‐Okeng, J., Bukenya‐Ziraba, R., Odyek, O., & Waako, P. (2007a). Antibacterial activity of Mangifera indica (L.). African Journal of Ecology, 45(Suppl. 1), 13-16.
Bbosa, G., Lubega, A., Musisi, N., Kyegombe, D. B., Waako, P., Ogwal‐Okeng, J., & Odyek, O. (2007b). The activity of Mangifera indica L. leaf extracts against the tetanus causing bacterium, Clostridium tetani. African Journal of Ecology, 45(Suppl. 3), 54-58.
Bharti, R. P. (2013). Studies on antimicrobial activity and phytochemical profile of Mangifera indica leaf extract. IOSR Journal of Environmental Science: Toxicology and Food Technology, 7(3), 74-78.
Bhatt, L., & Joshi, V. (2017). Mangifera indica L. leaf extract alleviates doxorubicin induced cardiac stress. Journal of Intercultural Ethnopharmacology, 6(3), 284-289.
Bhuvaneshwari, J., Khanam, S., & Devi, K. (2014). In-vitro enzyme inhibition studies for antidiabetic activity of mature and tender leaves of Mangifera indica var. totapuri. Research & Reviews: Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 3(3), 36-41.
De, P. K., & Pal, A. (2011). Effects of aqueous young leaves extract of Mangifera indica on gm (-) microorganisms causing gastro-intestinal disorders. HAL Science Ouverte, hal-03693921, version 1.
Dutta, T., Das, T., Gopalakrishnan, A. V., Saha, S. C., Ghorai, M., Nandy, S., Kumar, M., Radha, M., Ghosh, A., et al. (2023). Mangiferin: the miraculous xanthone with diverse pharmacological properties. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology, 396(5), 851-863.
Džamic, A. M., Marin, P. D., Gbolade, A. A., & Ristic, M. S. (2010). Chemical composition of Mangifera indica essential oil from Nigeria. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 22, 123-125.
Dzotam, J. K., & Kuete, V. (2017). Antibacterial and antibiotic-modifying activity of methanol extracts from six Cameroonian food plants against multidrug-resistant enteric bacteria. BioMed Research International, 2017, 1583510.
Ediriweera, M. K., Tennekoon, K. H., & Samarakoon, S. R. (2017). A review on ethnopharmacological applications, pharmacological activities, and bioactive compounds of Mangifera indica (Mango). Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2017, 6949835.
Fernández-Ponce, M., López-Biedma, A., Sánchez-Quesada, C., Casas, L., Mantell, C., Gaforio, J., & De La Ossa, E. M. (2017). Selective antitumoural action of pressurized mango leaf extracts against minimally and highly invasive breast cancer. Food & Function, 8(10), 3610-3620.
Fitmawati, F., Resida, E., Kholifah, S. N., Roza, R. M., Almurdani, M., & Emrizal, E. (2020). Antioxidant (gallic acid and quercetin) profile of Sumatran wild mangoes (Mangifera spp.): a potential source for antidegenerative medicine. F1000Research, 9, 220.
Ganogpichayagrai, A., Palanuvej, C., & Ruangrungsi, N. (2017). Antidiabetic and anticancer activities of Mangifera indica cv. Okrong leaves. Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology & Research, 8(1), 19-24.
Goldstein, N. (2004). The ubiquitous urushiols contact dermatitis from mango, poison ivy, and other" poison" plants. Hawaii Medical Journal, 63, 231-235.
Gu, C., Yang, M., Zhou, Z., Khan, A., Cao, J., & Cheng, G. (2019). Purification and characterization of four benzophenone derivatives from Mangifera indica L. leaves and their antioxidant, immunosuppressive and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. Journal of Functional Foods, 52, 709-714.
Guha, S., Ghosal, S., & Chattopadhyay, U. (1996). Antitumor, immunomodulatory and anti-HIV effect of mangiferin, a naturally occurring glucosylxanthone. Chemotherapy, 42(6), 443-451.
Gururaja, G., Mundkinajeddu, D., Dethe, S. M., Sangli, G. K., Abhilash, K., & Agarwal, A. (2015). Cholesterol esterase inhibitory activity of bioactives from leaves of Mangifera indica L. Pharmacognosy Research, 7(4), 355-362.
Gururaja, G., Mundkinajeddu, D., Kumar, A. S., Dethe, S. M., Allan, J. J., & Agarwal, A. (2017). Evaluation of cholesterol-lowering activity of standardized extract of Mangifera indica in albino Wistar rats. Pharmacognosy Research, 9(1), 21-26.
Hai, N. D., Dat, N. M., Thinh, D. B., Nam, N. T. H., Dat, N. T., Phong, M. T., & Hieu, N. H. (2022). Phytosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Mangifera indica leaves extract at room temperature: Formation mechanism, catalytic reduction, colorimetric sensing, and antimicrobial activity. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 220, 112974.
Helen, P. M., Aswathy, M., Rathi, K. D. R. M., Joseph, J. J., & Sree, S. J. (2013). Phytochemical analysis and anticancer activity of leaf extract of Mangifera indica (Kotttukonam Varika). International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 4(2), 819-824.
Hershko, K., Weinberg, I., & Ingber, A. (2005). Exploring the mango–poison ivy connection: the riddle of discriminative plant dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis, 52(1), 3-5.
Islam, M., Mannan, M., Kabir, M., Islam, A., & Olival, K. (2010). Analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects of ethanol extracts of mango leaves. Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University, 8(2), 239-244.
Itoh, K., Matsukawa, T., Okamoto, M., Minami, K., Tomohiro, N., Shimizu, K., Kajiyama, S. I., Endo, Y., Matsuda, H., et al. (2020). In vitro antioxidant activity of Mangifera indica leaf extracts. Journal of Plant Studies, 9(2), 39-45.
Jhaumeer Laulloo, S., Bhowon, M., Soyfoo, S., & Chua, L. (2018). Nutritional and biological evaluation of leaves of Mangifera indica from Mauritius. Journal of Chemistry, 2018, 6869294.
Joona, K., Sowmia, C., Dhanya, K., & Divya, M. (2013). Preliminary phytochemical investigation of Mangifera indica leaves and screening of antioxidant and anticancer activity. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences, 4(1), 1112-1118.
Jung, J. S., Jung, K., Kim, D. H., & Kim, H. S. (2012). Selective inhibition of MMP-9 gene expression by mangiferin in PMA-stimulated human astroglioma cells: involvement of PI3K/Akt and MAPK signaling pathways. Pharmacological Research, 66(1), 95-103.
Kanwal, Q., Hussain, I., Latif Siddiqui, H., & Javaid, A. (2010). Antifungal activity of flavonoids isolated from mango (Mangifera indica L.) leaves. Natural Product Research, 24(20), 1907-1914.
Karuppanan, M., Krishnan, M., Padarthi, P., & Namasivayam, E. (2014). Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effect of Mangifera indica leaf extracts against mercuric chloride-induced liver toxicity in mice. Euroasian Journal of Hepato-Gastroenterology, 4(1), 18-24.
Kato‐Noguchi, H., & Kurniadie, D. (2020). Allelopathy and allelopathic substances of mango (Mangifera indica L.). Weed Biology and Management, 20(4), 131-138.
Klein‐Júnior, L. C., Campos, A., Niero, R., Corrêa, R., Vander Heyden, Y., & Filho, V. C. (2020). Xanthones and cancer: from natural sources to mechanisms of action. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 17(2), e1900499.
Kumar, M., Saurabh, V., Tomar, M., Hasan, M., Changan, S., Sasi, M., Maheshwari, C., Prajapati, U., Singh, S., et al. (2021). Mango (Mangifera indica L.) leaves: Nutritional composition, phytochemical profile, and health-promoting bioactivities. Antioxidants, 10(2), 299.
Kumar, Y., Kumar, V., & Sangeeta, V. (2020). Comparative antioxidant capacity of plant leaves and herbs with their antioxidative potential in meat system under accelerated oxidation conditions. Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization, 14, 3250-3262.
Lubis, N. F., Rahayu, Y. P., Nasution, H. M., & Lubis, M. S. (2023). Antibacterial test of ethanolic extract nanoparticles from arum manis mango leaves (Mangifera indica L. var. arum manis) against Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of Farmasimed, 5(2), 177-183.
Martínez-Bernett, D., Silva-Granados, A., Correa-Torres, S., & Herrera, A. (2016). Chromatographic analysis of phytochemicals components present in Mangifera indica leaves for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles by AgNO3 reduction. Paper presented at the Journal of Physics: Conference Series.
Mehesare, S., Waghmare, S., Thorat, M., Hajare, S., Itankar, P., Siddiqui, M., & Ali, S. S. (2017). Evaluation of antidiarrhoeal activity of polyherbal preparation. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 6(6), 723-725.
Mishra, Y., Amin, H. I. M., Mishra, V., Vyas, M., Prabhakar, P. K., Gupta, M., Kanday, R., Sudhakar, K., Saini, S., et al. (2022). Application of nanotechnology to herbal antioxidants as improved phytomedicine: An expanding horizon. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 153, 113413.
Mohan, C., Deepak, M., Viswanatha, G., Savinay, G., Hanumantharaju, V., Rajendra, C., & Halemani, P. D. (2013). Anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of leaf extracts and fractions of Mangifera indica. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 6(4), 311-314.
Mokomane, M., Kasvosve, I., Melo, E. D., Pernica, J. M., & Goldfarb, D. M. (2018). The global problem of childhood diarrhoeal diseases: emerging strategies in prevention and management. Therapeutic Advances in Infectious Disease, 5(1), 29-43.
Muralikrishna, T., Malothu, R., Pattanayak, M., & Nayak, P. (2014). Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles using Mangifera indica (mango leaves) aqueous extract. World Journal of Nanoscience and Technology, 2, 66-73.
Muruganandan, S., Gupta, S., Kataria, M., Lal, J., & Gupta, P. (2002). Mangiferin protects the streptozotocin-induced oxidative damage to cardiac and renal tissues in rats. Toxicology, 176(3), 165-173.
Naik, G. G., Alam, M. B., Pandey, V., Dubey, P. K., Parmar, A. S., & Sahu, A. N. (2020). Pink fluorescent carbon dots derived from the phytomedicine for breast cancer cell imaging. ChemistrySelect, 5(23), 6954-6960.
Nair, S. S., Kavrekar, V., & Mishra, A. (2013). In vitro studies on alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase inhibitory activities of selected plant extracts. European Journal of Experimental Biology, 3(1), 128-132.
Neelima, N., Sudhakar, M., Patil, M. B., & Lakshmi, B. (2012). Anti-ulcer activity and HPTLC analysis of Mangifera indica L. leaves. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Phytopharmacological Research, 1(4), 146-155.
Neuana, N. F., de Sousa Barboza, J. C., dos Santos, E. P., & da Silva, M. L. C. P. (2021). A novel application of Mangifera indica L and Eugenia uniflora L extracts as antioxidants to control biodiesel oxidation stability. Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy, 40(3), e13540.
Ngo, D. H., Ngo, D. N., Vo, T. T. N., & Vo, T. S. (2019). Mechanism of action of Mangifera indica leaves for anti-diabetic activity. Scientia Pharmaceutica, 87(2), 13.
Okwu, D. E., & Ezenagu, V. (2008). Evaluation of the phytochemical composition of mango (Mangifera indica Linn) stem bark and leaves. International Journal of Chemical Sciences, 6(2), 705-716.
Ouf, S. A., Galal, A. M., Ibrahim, H. S., Hassan, A. Z., Mekhael, M. K., El-Yasergy, K. F., El-Ghany, M. N. A., Rizk, M. A., & Hanna, A. G. (2021). Phytochemical and antimicrobial investigation of the leaves of five Egyptian mango cultivars and evaluation of their essential oils as preservatives materials. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 58, 3130-3142.
Pan, J., Yi, X., Zhang, S., Cheng, J., Wang, Y., Liu, C., & He, X. (2018). Bioactive phenolics from mango leaves (Mangifera indica L.). Industrial Crops and Products, 111, 400-406.
Park, A., Ku, T., & Yoo, I. (2015). Antioxidant properties of fermented mango leaf extracts. Journal of Cosmetic Science, 66(1), 1-13.
Parvez, G. M. (2016). Pharmacological activities of mango (Mangifera indica): A review. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 5(3), 1-7.
Pourahmad, J., Eskandari, M. R., Shakibaei, R., & Kamalinejad, M. (2010). A search for hepatoprotective activity of fruit extract of Mangifera indica L. against oxidative stress cytotoxicity. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 65, 83-89.
Prabhu, S., Jainu, M., Sabitha, K., & Devi, C. S. (2006). Effect of mangiferin on mitochondrial energy production in experimentally induced myocardial infarcted rats. Vascular Pharmacology, 44(6), 519-525.
Princwill-Ogbonna, I., Ogbonna, P., & Ogujiofor, I. (2019). Proximate composition, vitamin, mineral and biologically active compounds levels in leaves of Mangifera indica (Mango), Persea americana (Avocado pea), and Annona muricata (Sour sop). Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, 23(1), 65–74.
Quizon, C., Alvarez, M. R., Moreno, P., Delica, K., Basingan Jr, M., Deniega, F., Abogado, R., Padolina, I., Heralde III, F., et al. (2022). Effect of drying method on the anticancer activity and metabolite profile of Mango (Mangifera indica) leaf extracts as revealed using LC‐MS/MS metabolomics. Vietnam Journal of Chemistry, 60(4), 490-501.
Rambabu, K., Bharath, G., Banat, F., Show, P. L., & Cocoletzi, H. H. (2019). Mango leaf extract incorporated chitosan antioxidant film for active food packaging. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 126, 1234-1243.
Ramírez, N. M., de Queiróz, J. H., Ribeiro, S. M. R., Toledo, R. C. L., Moreira, M. E. C., Mafra, C. L., dos Anjos Benjamin, L., de Morais Coelho, C., Veloso, M. P., et al. (2018). Mango leaf tea promotes hepatoprotective effects in obese rats. Journal of Functional Foods, 49, 437-446.
Robineau, L., & Saejarto, D. (1996). Tramil: A research project on the Medicinal Plant Resources of the Carribbean. In M. Balick, E. Elisabetsky, & S. Laird (Eds.), Medicinal Resources of the Tropical Forest (Biodiversity and its importance to Human Health) (pp. 317-326): Columbia University Press.
Ronchi, S. N., Brasil, G. A., do Nascimento, A. M., de Lima, E. M., Scherer, R., Costa, H. B., Romão, W., Boëchat, G. A. P., Lenz, D., et al. (2015). Phytochemical and in vitro and in vivo biological investigation on the antihypertensive activity of mango leaves (Mangifera indica L.). Therapeutic Advances in Cardiovascular Disease, 9(5), 244-256.
Rymbai, H., Srivastav, M., Sharma, R., Patel, C., & Singh, A. (2013). Bio-active compounds in mango (Mangifera indica L.) and their roles in human health and plant defence–a review. The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, 88(4), 369-379.
Sareen, R., & Shah, A. (2011). Hypersensitivity manifestations to the fruit mango. Asia Pacific Allergy, 1(1), 43-49.
Schraml, E., & Grillari, J. (2012). From cellular senescence to age-associated diseases: the miRNA connection. Longevity & Healthspan, 1(1), 1-15.
Severi, J. A., Lima, Z. P., Kushima, H., Monteiro Souza Brito, A. R., Campaner dos Santos, L., Vilegas, W., & Hiruma-Lima, C. A. (2009). Polyphenols with antiulcerogenic action from aqueous decoction of mango leaves (Mangifera indica L.). Molecules, 14(3), 1098-1110.
Shah, K., Patel, M., Patel, R., & Parmar, P. (2010). Mangifera indica (mango). Pharmacognosy Reviews, 4(7), 42-48.
Shi, F., Xie, L., Lin, Q., Tong, C., Fu, Q., Xu, J., Xiao, J., & Shi, S. (2020). Profiling of tyrosinase inhibitors in mango leaves for a sustainable agro-industry. Food Chemistry, 312, 126042.
Singab, A. N., Youssef, F. S., & Ashour, M. L. (2014). Medicinal plants with potential antidiabetic activity and their assessment. Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 3(151), 2167-0412.
Swaroop, A., Bagchi, M., Moriyama, H., & Bagchi, D. (2018). Health benefits of mango (Mangifera indica L.) and mangiferin. Japan Journal of Medicine, 1(2), 149-154.
Wu, L., Wu, W., Cai, Y., Li, C., & Wang, L. (2020). HPLC fingerprinting-based multivariate analysis of phenolic compounds in mango leaves varieties: Correlation to their antioxidant activity and in silico α-glucoidase inhibitory ability. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 191, 113616.
Xu, W., Deng, J., Qian, Y., Hou, X. T., Zhu, Z., Zhao, M., Shang, E., Qian, D., Zeng, H., et al. (2018). Simultaneous determination of kaempferol, quercetin, mangiferin, gallic acid, p‐hydroxybenzoic acid and chlorpheniramine maleate in rat plasma after oral administration of Mang‐Guo‐Zhi‐Ke tablets by UHPLC‐MS/MS and its application to pharmacokinetics. Biomedical Chromatography, 32(4), e4155.
Yadav, D., Yadav, K. S., & Singh, S. (2018). Mango: Taxonomy and botany. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 7(2), 3253-3258.
Zhang, Y., Chen, Q., Liu, M. Y., Ruan, J. Y., Yu, H. Y., Li, J., & Wang, T. (2019). Effects of benzophenones from mango leaves on lipid metabolism. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 67(7), 634-639.
Zhang, Y., Liu, X., Han, L., Gao, X., Liu, E., & Wang, T. (2013). Regulation of lipid and glucose homeostasis by mango tree leaf extract is mediated by AMPK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways. Food Chemistry, 141(3), 2896-2905.
Zheng, M. S., & Lu, Z. Y. (1990). Antiviral effect of mangiferin and isomangiferin on herpes simplex virus. Chinese Medical Journal, 103(2), 160-165.
Zhu, X., Song, J., Huang, Z., Wu, Y., & Yu, M. (1993). Antiviral activity of mangiferin against herpes simplex virus type 2 in vitro. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica, 14(5), 452-454.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Humna Mehmood, Jawaria Mehmood, Noor Zulfiqar
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The papers published in the International Journal of Plant Based Pharmaceuticals are licenced under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence (CC BY).
Accepted 2024-01-03
Published 2024-01-06